We used to perform the Friday prayer with the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) and leave at a time when the walls had no shadow that we could take as shelter
Chapter: Jumu`ah prayer is when the sun has passed its zenith
Authentic
hadith of Sahih Muslim
Sahih Muslim 860a
كُنَّا نُجَمِّعُ مَعَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم إِذَا زَالَتِ الشَّمْسُ ثُمَّ نَرْجِعُ نَتَتَبَّعُ الْفَىْءَ .
Salāmah ibn al-Akwa‘ (may Allah be pleased with him) who was amongst those who had given the pledge of allegiance to the Prophet beneath the Tree, reported: We used to perform the Friday prayer with the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) and leave at a time when the walls had no shadow for us to take shelter in.
Another wording reads: "We used to perform the Friday prayer with the Messenger of Allah (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) after the sun had passed the meridian, then we would return and try to find shadow."
Salāmah ibn al-Akwa‘ (may Allah be pleased with him) mentioned that they used to attend the Friday prayer with the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him). They used to perform it early to the extent that they would listen to the two sermons, finish the prayer, and go home at a time when the walls had no enough shadow for them to take shelter in.
The second version of the Hadīth states that they used to perform the Friday prayer with the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) after the sun passes the meridian then they would return to their homes.
Scholars have agreed that the due time of the Friday prayer ends at the same time Zhuhr prayer ends. It is preferable, though, to perform that prayer after the sun passes the meridian because this is what the Prophet (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) used to do most of the time. Scholars also unanimously agree on that time. However, it is permissible to perform that prayer just before the sun passes the meridian in case there is a need for that, like in extremely hot weather and there is no shadow to take shelter in, or when people want to set out for Jihad before or around the meridian time.
Explanation in Arabic
يذكر سلمة بن الأكوع رضي الله عنه أنهم كانوا يشهدون مع النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم الجمعة، فكانوا يصلون مبكرين، بحيث إنهم يفرغون من الخطبتين والصلاة، ثم ينصرفون إلى منازلهم، وليس للحيطان ظل يكفي لأن يستظلوا به.
والرواية الثانية: أنهم كانوا يصلون الجمعة مع النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم إذا زالت الشمس، ثم يرجعون.
اتفق العلماء على أن آخر وقت صلاة الجمعة هو آخر وقت صلاة الظهر، والأولى والأفضل الصلاة بعد الزوال؛ لأنه الغالب من فعل النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم ؛ ولأنه الوقت المجمع عليه بين العلماء إلا أن يكون ثَمَّ حاجة؛ من حر شديد، وليس عندهم ما يستظلون به، أو يريدون الخروج لجهاد قبل الزوال، فلا بأس من صلاتها قبل الزوال قريبًا منه.
مشروعية التبكير في الجمعة مطلقاً، سواء أكانوا في شتاء، أم صيف ويكون حديث الإبراد خاصًّا بالظهر.
ظاهر الحديث جواز صلاة الجمعة قبيل الزوال، حيث كانوا يصلون، ثم ينصرفون، وليس هناك ظل يستظلون به.
اتقاء الإنسان ما يؤلمه وما يؤذيه من حر وبرد، ولا يعد ذلك من الترف المذموم.
